A comparison of the effects of cutaneous stimulation and distraction on children's perceptions of injection pain
View File(s)
Visitor Statistics
Visits vs Downloads
Visitors - World Map
Top Visiting Countries
Country | Visits |
---|
Top Visiting Cities
City | Visits |
---|
Visits (last 6 months)
Downloads (last 6 months)
Popular Works for Sparks, Laurie G. by View
Title | Page Views |
---|
Popular Works for Sparks, Laurie G. by Download
Title | Downloads |
---|
View Citations
Citations
Research has shown that children fear injections and perceive them as painful. Virtually all children experience injections through immunizations, and, therefore, methods to decrease injection pain could have widespread results. This study examined the effects of two nursing interventions on injection pain in preschool children: distraction and cutaneous stimulation. A quasi-experimental design was employed to test the interventions. The study was guided by Roy's adaptation theory of nursing and the gate-control theory of pain. The sample included 105 preschool children who were attending several immunization clinics in a metropolitan area. The children were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups prior to their Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis injection. Children in group I received the intervention of distraction through bubble-blowing, children in group 2 received the intervention of cutaneous stimulation by touch, and children in group 3 received standard care. Demographic data and a measure of each child's fear, using the Child Medical Fear Scale, were obtained prior to injection. All children self-reported their pain using the Oucher Scale. Analyses found the lowest mean pain scores in the touch group, followed closely by the distraction group, and highest in the standard care group. Analysis of variance found no significant difference between the interventions (F = .08, p = .79), but a significant difference between the intervention groups and the standard care group (F = 6.48, p = .0 13). Factorial ANOVA demonstrated 4 significant treatment main effect, but no significant interaction effect of age or gender. Therefore, both distraction and touch reduced significantly the injection pain in this sample of preschool children. The study results have nursing research and practice implications. Further research is needed to determine if these interventions are effective with multiple injections and with other age groups, to compare distraction with topical anesthetics, and to examine the use of distraction and touch for other forms of pediatric pain. The study results demonstrate the effectiveness of distraction and touch in reducing injection pain, and all nurses are encouraged to use these methods when administering injections to help children cope with this common, painful experience.
This dissertation has also been disseminated through the ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. Dissertation/thesis number: 9926980; ProQuest document ID: 304453697. The author still retains copyright.
This item has not gone through this repository's peer-review process, but has been accepted by the indicated university or college in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the specified degree.
Type | Dissertation |
Acquisition | Proxy-submission |
Review Type | None: Degree-based Submission |
Format | Text-based Document |
Evidence Level | Quasi-Experimental Study, Other |
Research Approach | Quantitative Research |
Keywords | Pediatric Nursing; Pain Control; Children's Pain |
CINAHL Subject(s) | Distraction--In Infancy and Childhood; Injections--Adverse Effects--In Infancy and Childhood; Sensory Stimulation--In Infancy and Childhood; Touch--In Infancy and Childhood; Treatment Related Pain--Nursing--In Infancy and Childhood; Distraction; Injections--Adverse Effects; Sensory Stimulation; Touch; Treatment Related Pain--Nursing; Injections; Treatment Related Pain |
Grantor | Saint Louis University |
Advisor | Riddle, Irene |
Level | PhD |
Year | 1998 |
All rights reserved by the author(s) and/or publisher(s) listed in this item record unless relinquished in whole or part by a rights notation or a Creative Commons License present in this item record.
All permission requests should be directed accordingly and not to the Sigma Repository.
All submitting authors or publishers have affirmed that when using material in their work where they do not own copyright, they have obtained permission of the copyright holder prior to submission and the rights holder has been acknowledged as necessary.
Related items
Showing items related by title, author, creator and subjects.
-
Effects of virtual reality on symptom distress in children receiving cancer chemotherapy
Schneider, Susan M.The objective of this study was to test the premise that virtual reality, as a developmentally appropriate distraction intervention, mitigates chemotherapy related symptom distress in older children with cancer aged 10-17. ... -
Comparison of three teaching methods on four-through-seven year old children's understanding of the lungs in relation to a peak flow meter in the management of asthma: A pilot study
Schmidt, Cheryl K.The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of three teaching methods on 4-through-7-year-old children's understanding of the lungs in relation to a peak flow meter in the management of asthma. Nineteen children, ... -
A celebration of family: Family actions supporting task achievement in elementary school-age children with cystic fibrosis
Malachowski, Judith MarieAlthough society is facing a new challenge of supporting an increasing prevalence of children with chronic illnesses, families always have known the joys and hardships of care. The literature (Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, ... -
Psychometric evaluation of a new pressure ulcer skin risk assessment scale for the pediatric burn patient
Gordon, Mary DempseyPrevention of pressure ulcers is a primary goal in nursing practice, and achievement implies excellence in clinical care. One component of prevention is to understand the risk for pressure ulcer development. The benefit ... -
The effects of health beliefs, acculturation, and a culturally appropriate teaching intervention on parents' knowledge of and compliance with tuberculosis treatment in a Mexican-American population: A preliminary analysis
McLeod, Renee P.The primary purpose of this research study, using a correlational and comparative descriptive design, was to examine the effects of health beliefs, acculturation, and a culturally appropriate Spanish-language audiotaped ...